Brief biography of watts

James Watt James Watt, January 19 was born James Watt James Watt, an outstanding Scottish engineer and inventor, who became famous primarily as the creator of an improved steam machine. But even in the history of medicine of critical states, he left a vivid mark on his cooperation with the Pneumatic Medical Institute of Tomas Beddo Beddoes, Thomas, James Watt supplied the institute laboratories with the necessary equipment.

Thanks to his participation, the first inhalers, spirometers, gas meters, etc. were created and tested in the Pneumatic Institute. James Watt himself, as well as his wife and one of his sons, repeatedly participated in scientific experiments. We can say that Thomas Beddo and his employees were pioneers and predecessors of modern respiratory therapy. Unfortunately, Thomas Beddo mistakenly believed that tuberculosis was caused by an excess of oxygen.

Therefore, the son of James Watt, Gregory, went to the Pneumatic Institute a completely useless course of treatment with inhalations of carbon dioxide. However, it was at the Pneumatic Institute that oxygen was first used for medical purposes; The basics of aerosol therapy were developed; For the first time, the general capacity of the lungs in the dilution of hydrogen Davy was measured, and that is the crown of Watt and Beddo’s cooperation on the therapeutic use of various gases, their joint book “Materials on the Medical use of Artificial Air varieties”, published by two editions, GG.

Those who wish to learn more about the life and activities of James Watt, we offer this small biographical essay with a brief excursion into the history of the creation of steam engines. Born on January 19, G., due to poor health, Watt formally studied little, but studied a lot on his own. Already by a teenager, he was fond of astronomy, chemical experiments, learned to do everything with his own hands, and even deserved from those around him the title of “Master for all hands”.

In the city of Watt, he went to London to study as a mechanic and masters in the manufacture of mathematical and astronomical tools. Having mastered a seven -year training program for a year, Watt returned to Scotland and received the mechanic at the University of Glasgow. At the same time, he opened his own repair workshop. At the University of Watt, he met the great Scottish chemist Joseph Black Joseph Black, which opened carbon dioxide in the city of this meeting contributed to the development of a number of new chemical devices necessary in further Black’s research, for example, an icy calorimeter.

At this time, Joseph Black was involved in determining the heat of steam formation, and Watt took part in ensuring the technical side of the experiments. Here you should make a small digression in the history of the creation of steam machines. Once we were taught at school, raising the “great-power chauvinism” that the Russian serf mechanic Ivan Rolzunov was invented by the steam engine, and not some James Watt there, about which in the creation of steam machines could sometimes be read in “wrong” books from a patriotic point of view.

But in fact, the inventor of the steam machine is not Ivan Rolzunov, and not James Watt, but the English engineer Thomas Newcomen Thomas Newcomen, moreover, the first attempt to put steam at the service of a person was made in England back in the city. He created a steam water lifting, intended to drain mines and pump water, and became a prototype of a steam engine.

Saveni's car worked as follows: at first the hermetic reservoir was filled with steam, then the outer surface of the tank was cooled by cold water, which is why the steam was condensed, and a partial vacuum was created in the tank. After that, water, for example, was sucked into the tank through a fence pipe from the bottom of the shaft and, after the next portion, the steam was thrown out through the final pipe.

Then the cycle was repeated, but the water could only be lifted from a depth of less than 10.36 m, since in reality it was pushed out atmospheric pressure. The principle of operation of the steam water liftingman T. Saevius himself called the water lifting as a “fire machine” and widely advertised it as a “friend of the miners”. To obtain a pair that brought the car, fire was required, but the invention of Savern was not yet an engine in the full sense of the word, since in addition to several valves that opened and manually closed, there were no moving parts in it.

In the car of Thomas Saeeni, the working cylinder was separated from the boiler and for quick condensation the steam was doused outside with cold water, which was not very convenient for operation. However, among the steam vehicles of that time, there was a more successful “fire machine” of the French inventor Denis Papen Denis Papin,? At first in the city, when the gas excess exit from the cylinder through a special valve, and the remaining gas was cooled, a partial vacuum was created in the cylinder, and the piston returned to its original position under the influence of atmospheric pressure.

This car was not very successful, but it brought papen to a bright thought to replace gunpowder with water. And in g.Water was heated inside the vertical cylinder with a piston inside, and the resulting steam pushed the piston up. When the steam cooled and condensed, the piston sank down under the influence of atmospheric pressure. Thus, through the block system, the papen machine could drive various mechanisms, for example, pumps.

The principle of the great idea of ​​Denis Papen with the steamers of Saurinese and Papen was a sign of the English inventor Thomas Newcomen Thomas Newcomen, who often visited the mines in West Country, and therefore well understood how reliable pumps were needed to prevent mining flooding. He joined his efforts with a plumber and glass, John Callie in an attempt to build a more advanced model.

Their first steam engine was installed at the coal mine in Staffordshire in the city of the first steam engine of Newcomen, G. The principle of operation of the Newcomen's machine. As in the papen car, the piston moved in a vertical cylinder, but in general, Newcomen's car was much more advanced. To eliminate the gap between the cylinder and the piston, Newcomen fixed a flexible leather disk at the end of the latter and poured a little water on it.

Steam from the boiler entered the base of the cylinder and lifted the piston up. When injecting cold water into the cylinder, the steam was condensed, a vacuum formed in the cylinder, and under the influence of atmospheric pressure the piston dropped down. This reverse move removed water from the cylinder and by means of a chain connected to a rocker, moving like a swing, lifted up the pump rod.

When the piston was at the lower point of its course, steam entered the cylinder again, and with the help of a counterweight fixed on the pump rod or on the rocker, the piston rose to its original position. After that, the cycle was repeated. The Newcomen's machine turned out to be extremely successful for that time and has been used throughout Europe for more than 50 years.

It was used to pump water from numerous mines in the UK. This was the first large -scale product in the history of equipment several thousand pieces. Earlier, using high windmills, this took a whole year. Nevertheless, Newcomen's car was far to perfection. In general, Newcmen cars played a huge role in the preservation of the coal industry. With their help, it was possible to resume coal production in many flooded mines.

About the invention of Newcomen, we can say that it was a truly steam engine, or rather, a vapor attack. The following was distinguished from previous prototypes of steam machines: the driving force in it was atmospheric pressure, and the release was achieved during steam condensation; In the cylinder there was a piston that made a working move under the influence of steam; The vacuum was achieved as a result of steam condensation when the cold water cylinder is injected inside.

Therefore, in fact, the inventor of the steam machine is rightfully the Englishman Thomas Newcomen, who developed his vapor assemble in the city of making a brief excursion into the history of steam machines, you can’t go past the personality of our outstanding compatriot Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov, who built a steam -aspect machine earlier than James Watt did. Being a mechanic of the Kolivani-Voskrezensky mining plants in Altai, he proposed on April 25, the project hit the table to the head of the factories, who approved him and sent him to Petersburg, from where he soon came to the answer: “His fiction for the new invention should be honored.” Polzunov proposed building a small machine at first, on which it would be possible to identify and eliminate all the shortcomings that are inevitable in the new invention.

The factory authorities did not agree with this and decided to immediately build a huge machine for a powerful blower. In April, Polzunov began building a machine, 15 times more powerful compared to the project of G., he took from the book of I. Schlatter the “thoroughly instruction of the ore case, but the Rolzunov engine was fundamentally different from the English machines of Sebon and Newcomen.

Those were one -cylinder and suitable only for pumping water from mines. The two -cylinder continuous engine of Polzunov could serve a dier in the furnace and pump out water. In the future, the inventor hoped to adapt it for other needs. The construction of the machine was entrusted with Rolzunov, to help whom “not knowledgeable, but only one tendency to that have two of the local artisans”, and a few more utility workers were allocated.

With this “state”, Polzunov began to build his car. It was built for a year and nine months. When the car had already passed the first test, the inventor fell ill with a fleeting consumption and on May 16 28. In the “Day Note” dated July 4, a “serviceable machine action” was noted, and on August 7, in just three months of work, Rolzunov’s car not only justified all the costs of building 55 kopecks, but also gave a net profit of 28 kopecks.

However, on November 10, the Encyclopedia of the Altai Territory. Chronicle of the city. At the same time, James Watt worked in England on the creation of a steam machine.Moving the university model of the vapor -adventure machine T. Newcomen, Watt was convinced of the low efficiency of such machines. He caught fire with the idea to improve the parameters of the steam machine. It was clear to him that the main drawback of Newcomen's machine was in the alternating heating and cooling of the cylinder.

How to avoid this? The answer came to Watt by Sunday Spring Day of G. he realized that the cylinder could constantly remain hot if the steam is taken to a separate tank through the valve pipeline before condensation. In this case, the transfer of the process of condensation of steam outside the cylinder should help reduce steam consumption.

Moreover, the cylinder can remain hot, and the condenser is cold if they are covered with thermal insulation material. Improvements that the Watt has introduced into the steam engine of the centrifugal regulator, a separate steam capacitor, seals, etc. Patent in g.