L will lie down biography

Chizhevsky Alexander in the field of his interests was not only natural science, but also philosophy, history, poetry, painting. His ideas about the unity of space and the history of mankind formed the basis of heliobiology. He was one of the creators of Russian cosmism. Many Kizhevsky’s conclusions - non -standard and even radical - did not fit into the channel of official science that for many years his work was under an unspoken ban.

The childhood and youth of Alexander Chizhevsky Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky was born on January 26 on February 7, in the town of the Tsekhanovets of the Grodno province, now the territory of Poland in the family of artillery officer Leonid Vasilievich Chizhevsky-and his wife Nadezhda Aleksandrovna, nee Neviandt-his father, who held command posts and who served before the general title, did not avoid the title of general Engineering activity - constructed new artillery devices and tools, was a big enthusiast of missile weapons.

The mother of the boy, whom contemporaries recalled as a poetic and musical nature, died very young when Alexander went only for the second year, and an aunt and grandmother - Olga Vasilievna Lesli played the most important role in the formation of his personality - and Elizaveta Semenovna Chizhevskaya - in childhood Sasha Chizhevsky was often taken out of the border, studied foreign languages ​​and pictures.

In August, he entered the gymnasium of the city of Byala-Podlya Sedletsky province, where at that time part of his father was deployed. Having received good homework, owning German and French, he studied without much effort. In the year, under the influence of frequent conversations about the next arrival of the Galley comet, he had an interest in astronomy.

In the year, after transferring his father to a new place of service to Kaluga, the young man entered the local real school, which had a reputation as the best educational institution of the city. By that time, interest in astronomy had turned into a real passion. The curious student re -read all the books in the library on this topic, by the patronage of his father, he met with Kaluga K.

Third -party interests cooled the interests of the young man in “unnecessary” school subjects, but the desire not to upset the father, who was wound to the front, supported Alexander - he passed all graduation exams in the spring of the year. The summer of that year has become the most important stage in Chizhevsky’s biography: under the influence of what he read and personal communication with Tsiolkovsky, he formulated the basic principles, which later forms his teachings on the influence of the sun on earthly history.

The education of Alexander Chizhevsky in August, Alexander left for Moscow, where he entered the Archaeological Institute. His first report “The influence of perturbations in the electric mode of the Sun on biological phenomena” caused lively discussions in the scientific world. Similar disputes accompanied Chizhevsky all his life. Stay in Moscow was not limited to a talented student with lectures and reading.

He wrote poetry, attended literary evenings, where he made his acquaintance with I. Bunin and V. In the summer of the year, a student Chizhevsky left for the front, where he served in artillery. For dedication in battle, he was awarded the soldier's St. George Cross of the 4th degree. After the wound and contusion, the Chizhevsky scorer was demobilized. In May, he graduated from the institute.

Despite the collapse of the former world and the civil war, epidemics, devastation and hunger, Alexander continued his education. C to gg. The years of the Civil War as a whole became incredibly saturated for Chizhevsky. He lived in Moscow, then in Kaluga, taught Russian and geography at the commanding infantry courses headed by his father, defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic “Study of the frequency of the world-historical process”, in the year became a professor of the Archaeological Institute.

After meeting with the People's Commissar of Education A. Lunacharsky, Chizhevsky was appointed to the position of instructor of the Department of People's Commissariat and even became chairman of the Kaluga Provincial Union of Poets. In and gg. The scientific activity of Alexander Chizhevsky from the year Chizhevsky, among other things, became interested in the problem of aeroionification - the effects of positive and negative air ions on the human body.

Extremely energetic and active, he meets A. Gorky, defends his ideas for aeroions in society. In e gg. He set up experiments that find out the influence of air ions on the physiological state and nervous system of animals, together with K. Tsiolkovsky investigated the effect of radiation on living cells, laying the basics of cosmic biology. Chizhevsky’s research activity became known abroad.

In - gg. Despite the objections of some prominent scientists K. Timiryazev, A. In December, by resolution of the People's Commissariat of People's Commissariats, the Central Research Laboratory of Ionification of the Center was established, the director of which became Professor Chizhevsky. However, in December, the articles “against scientific hack” and “The enemy under the mask of a scientist” were published in the newspaper Pravda, where Chizhevsky’s scientific works were defeated.Accusations of scientific charlatanism and, which is much worse, veiled criticism of Marxism: "Not solar activity, but the working class determines the course of history." Chizhevsky’s objections, that even the Communists will have to be considered solar activities, even more annoyed his critics.

In difficult times, the scientist continued to reflect, invent, explore. At the end of the year. Chizhevsky submitted applications for several patents on the intensification of chemical reactions and methods of painting products. In the year, it seemed that the condensed clouds passed by: the professors hired the head of the laboratory of the 3rd Moscow Medical Institute, but in January, upon arrival in the evacuation in Chelyabinsk, he was arrested by denunciation and condemned by the notorious article 58, it was in Karlag’s “Sharashka” blood, and opened the structural and systemic movement of blood-about this The episode mentioned in his epic "Archipelago Gulag" A.

In January, the scientist was released and determined for a settlement in Karaganda, and only in the year Chizhevsky returned to Moscow. To earn a living, the professor worked in the plumbing trust, in the research laboratory for ionization and air conditioning. Chizhevsky’s books again began to publish in the press: “Structural analysis of moving blood”, “Aerionization in the national economy”, “The Sun and We” and others.

In the year, the scientist met with S. Korolev, discussed with him the problems of astronautics. Chizhevsky does not mention the family and personal life of Alexander Chizhevsky in his memoirs, but according to various sources, it is known about his four marriages. In the year, Chizhevsky married a second time. His chosen one was Tatyana Sergeevna Roshchka. The marriage actually broke up after the arrest of the professor.

The third wife of Alexander Leonidovich is known only from archival certificates - it was probably a short -term civil marriage during the stay of Chizhevsky in the settlement in Karaganda. His last wife was Nina Vadimovna Pereshkolnik, nee Engelhardt - the couple met in exile. This union was brightened up by Chizhevsky’s old age, the last wife became his guardian angel and assistant in all matters.

The death and funeral of Alexander Chizhevsky since the year Chizhevsky was retired, but continued to work. He wrote memoirs about his communication with Tsiolkovsky, popular science brochures. Death occurred on December 20 at the age of 67. The scientist’s widow recalled that on the day of the death of Alexander Leonidovich in the journal Party Life appeared Pasquil “Dark Spots” with a set of fabrications of thirty years ago.

There was no bounds indignation of Chizhevsky’s friends: six months later they were able to achieve the publication of official refutation, but the train of the negativity reached out behind the professor's name until the X. Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky was buried at a modest Pyatnitsky cemetery in Moscow. The contribution of Alexander Chizhevsky to science to the diversity of the scientific sphere of interests of Chizhevsky, the high interest of the general public, the contradictory assessments of his work and heritage created him a reputation as Galileo of the 20th century or Leonardo of the 20th century.

Now the scientist is appreciated primarily as a thinker. His ideas of cosmism, expressed in many works with sobriety and severity inherent in science, and at the same time with a reverent feeling before the secret and grandeur of life, were perceived by thousands of grateful readers. Not so much success in one or another science, but the creation of an integral worldview of cosmic ecology is the main merit of the scientist.

Two most important directions of Chizhevsky’s scientific activity, the development of which he devoted his life - heliobiology and aeroionification. He proposed to record cosmic factors for the analysis of earthly life - primarily solar activity, laid the foundations of cosmic microbiology and cosmic epidemiology. Ideas about the influence of negative ions on living organisms have developed in improving air conditioning and air purification systems.

At a certain time, the Chizhevsky chandelier has gained popularity - a special apparatus for the formation of aeroions. As an inventor, Chizhevsky played a positive role in the creation of anti -icing systems for aircraft, methods of electrical paintings, electrical stimulating chemical reactions, and obtaining concrete of high strength. Not all the discoveries and inventions of Chizhevsky passed the test of time and found the way to the future, but also those that were introduced into science and technology deserve more gratitude to subsequent generations.

Awards and prizes of Alexander Chizhevsky from the end of the x. Chizhevsky received recognition of many scientific institutions and communities. Biographers have over 30 institutes and academies that certified the Chizhevsky honorary titles.Among them are the International Biological Association, the Tula Academy of Sciences, the French Academic Society of International History, the Belgian Royal Medical Society, the French Society of Electrotherapy and Radiology, the Society of Comparative Pathology and General Hygiene, the Mexican Society of Plasmogenesia and General Culture, the Astronomical Society of France, the American Society of Biophysics, the Columbia Academy of Sciences and others.