Napoleon biography c

The emperor of France and in March - June in the year made a coup d'etat and became the first consul; In the year he was proclaimed the emperor. He significantly expanded the territory of the empire, and became dependent on France most countries of Western and Central Europe. In the year he renounced the throne. He took the throne again in the year. After the defeat at Waterloo, June was exiled to the island of St.

Helena. Napoleon Bunaparte Bonaparte was born on August 15 in Ayaccio, in the family of lawyer Carlo Buonaparte, who came from a petty -country Corsican nobility, and Ramolino Leticia, belonging to an old Patrician family. Carlo Bunaparte, who had eight of twelve children, got the opportunity to give the eldest sons, Joseph and Napoleon as a reward for loyalty to France, in the year to college.

Napoleon, two months later, moved to a military school in Brigen. In the year, having received the title of Cadet, he continued his studies at a military school in Paris. A year later, Napoleon was promoted to artillery lieutenants and sent to the prestigious regiment of La Fer. Bonaparte served in Valance and Oksonn. His performance was phenomenal: he needed a dream no more than an hour a day.

He read a lot, continued to engage in self -education. During the Great French Revolution, Napoleon sided with the Girondins. During the assault on Toulon Napoleon, who led one of the detachments, was wounded. After the capture of the city, the Convention Commission made it to the brigade generals. The fall of the Robespierre dictatorship seemed to be a career of the Toon's hero at risk.

As a friend of the Jacobins, he was arrested, but soon released. In search of a new appointment, he met a deputy Barras. On his behalf, Napoleon defeated the rebellion of royalists 13 of Vandemier on October 5. The reward was not long in coming. Barras became one of the leaders of the directory, and Napoleon headed the Parisian garrison. At the same time, he married the widow of General Beautiful Creole Josephine Bogarne, who was six years older than him.

In the year, the directory appointed Napoleon the commander in chief of the Italian army. His campaign ended with a large and unexpected victory. The hero of the Italian campaign longed for the glory of the peacemaker, realizing that he would take popularity in France and strengthen his position in front of the directory. However, the directory instructed the thirty -year -old Henri Clark to negotiate with Austria.

But Bonaparte did not want to miss his chance. In February, Bonaparte signed a peace treaty with Pope Piye VI, according to which the latter lost a significant part of his possessions. As Talleyrand wrote, the preliminary agreement was "clearly beneficial for the Vienna court." The Austrians, who have endured in Italy in the years, brutal military defeats from the French troops, who lost Belgium, were fully considered a miracle to maintain the integrity of their state.

But the directory also hoped to get the Rhine region. Secret articles of the contract that Paris did not even know about, provided for the liquidation of the Venetian Republic. Bonaparte started a dangerous game. For a gross violation of government instructions, the directory was supposed to remove it from the leadership of the army and betray it to the court. However, the population of Paris enthusiastically met the news of the signing of the preliminary world.

Victories in Italy, the defeat of Austria brought Bonaparte wide fame. He is not yet 28 years old, and all kinds of glory over his head - the glory of the war, the glory of the world, the glory of restraint, the glory of nobility: he has everything. "So he wrote about the young General Taleyran on May 10. After the coup d'etat 18, Barras and his supporters gave Bonaparte the powers to sign peace with Austria.

He was concluded on October 18 in the year. The Austrians gave almost the entire left bank of the Rhine, as well as the entire pawnshop Napoleon did not have military success, nevertheless, his return to Paris became a real triumph, frightened by the threatening position of France, saw him the only savior and greeted it with glee. Taking advantage of the weakness of the directory, Napoleon Brumer on November of the year made a coup dictate by establishing a dictatorship regime in the form of a consulate.

At the head of state were three consuls.

The first consul - Bonaparte - received actually dictatorial powers. Like both Sokonssul, he was elected a Senate for ten years. When choosing the Minister of External Relations, Bonaparte had no doubt. They became Talleyrand, of course, one of the most outstanding diplomats of the era. However, Bonaparte reserved the prerogative of the adoption of the main diplomatic decisions, especially those of fundamental importance.According to one of his closest employees, Rederer, during all 15 years of Napoleon’s power in issues of diplomacy, only one belonged to him “decisive initiative”.

Soon, after the coup, which led him to power, Napoleon Bonaparte turned to the monarchs of England, Austria and Russia with a proposal to cease to rather stop military operations, of course, on the conditions of preserving France all its conquests, that is, the "natural borders" - Belgium, Holland and the left bank of the Rhine. Bonaparte was unlikely to hoped that his opponents would meet them individually by peaceful offers.

But he was guided by a well -known diplomatic technique prompted by him, possibly, Talleyrand - preparing to continue the war, to repeat as much as possible about his peaceful motives. Talleyrand said: "If the results of the conceived campaign are successful, the world who offers the world will acquire the right to severe circumvention with the defeated, if, on the contrary, there will be a failure that offered the world to be afraid of reproach that he himself had a trouble." William Pitt the Younger categorically rejected peaceful proposals made by England.

Austria and Russia, for their part, also refused. In the spring of the year, secretly gathering a large army near the Swiss border, Bonaparte through Saint-Bernard moved it to Northern Italy and on June 14 inflicted a defeat by the Austrian army. Bonaparte accepted the Austrian Chancellor Kobenzl in Tuileries, in the living room located at the entrance to the former royal office.

Most of the furniture from the cabin was carried out in advance. A small table was put in the corner, at which Bonaparte was supposed to sit. In the depths of the room, far enough from the table, there were two or three couchs. It was already 9 o’clock in the evening. The living room was lit only by the lamp standing on the table of the first consul. The Austrian entered Talleyrand.

Bonaparte, sitting with his papers at the table, quickly got up and then immediately sat down again. Kobenzl, who was confused by such a trick, had two possibilities: either to move to distant couchs or stand. However, there was no choice - there was only the latter. As Talleyrand wrote, everyone was put "in their place or at least in a place intended for every first consul." And he was not going to stand on ceremony with the messenger of the Austrian emperor.

The contract consolidated Belgium and the left bank of the Rhine and, in addition, deprived the Austria of the former Venetian possessions acquired by her in the year. On the Apennine Peninsula, the French are now again undividedly. The Bonaparte government forced the Neapolitan Bourbons to sign a peace treaty with France in Florence. A year after Luneville, Bonaparte renamed the Cisalpian Republic to Italian and declared himself as its president.

The victory at Marengo untied her hands to the first consul. Immediately after this battle, in June, he handed the dad a proposal to begin negotiations on the restoration of Catholicism in France. The idea of ​​Concordat belonged to the first consul. She had already ripened at him by the time of coming to power. But with difficulty you can believe what resistance I had to overcome in order to restore Catholicism.

"Concordat, according to Bonaparte, had to completely subordinate the whole army of worshipers who swore allegiance to the government and paid at the expense of the state budget. The parties agreed that the religious cult will be public in accordance with the rules," which the government will consider it necessary in the interests of the public Calmpy. "Bishops will be appointed with the approval of the government.

Bonaparte established control of the Catholic Church in France and secured its assistance. The concordat ceremony took place on the Easter day on April 18 in the Cathedral of the Parisian Mother of God Austria coincided with a steep collapse in diplomatic relations between France and Russia. Carefully following the disagreements between Russia and England, Bonaparte in the summer of the year undertook a wide diplomatic maneuver aimed at removing his main opponents even more from each other.

In an effort to conquer the location of Paul I and to persuade him to the beginning of separate peace negotiations, the first consul ordered to return to his homeland Russian prisoners captured in the campaign of the year. After the British managed to capture Malta in September, Paul I went to break with London and began to create an anti -English coalition, which was supposed to include Denmark, Sweden, Prussia.

Both in St. Petersburg and in Paris, Franco-Russian cooperation was given decisive importance at that time. He insisted on signing the world between Russia and France and the "distribution" of the borders of various states. Bonaparte set himself the task of using an alliance with Russia to ensure the dominance of France in Germany, guarantee her borders on the Rhine and, finally, retaining the rivalry of Austria and Prussia, and deprive them of political and military advantages.

Pavel wanted to "dispose of the whole German empire."